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8、英语句子内部各成份的排列顺序与汉语句子内部各成份的排列顺序不一样。在英语句子中,状语从句的位置比较灵活,可以在主句前,也可在主句后,甚至插在主句中。在汉语句子中,绝大多数状语在句子前部,只有极少数(如结果状语,个别让步或原因状语)在句子后部。在英语句子中,修饰名词的定语可以在该名词的前或后,单个的词在该词前,短语和定语从句在该词后。在汉语句子中,修饰名词的定语只能在该名词前。在英语句子中,同位语和同位语从句一定在先行词后。在汉语句子中,表示身份的说明一定在前,对某事物的细述可以在前也可以在后。
即使是最简单的句子情况也如此,如:昨天下午我在南京路上见到我老朋友李明。英语是I saw my long-time friend Li ming in Nanjing
三、翻译中的宏观设计
鉴于英语和汉语在思维逻辑和语言结构上有很大的差异,在进行英汉对译的时侯,必须首先考虑从宏观上进行系统的设计,然后再在句子层次上使用各种技巧进行微观处理。
宏观设计时,对于本源语的思维逻辑应保留其粗线条以保持其源文的风格(符合“忠实”的标准),修改其细的支线条使符合目的语的思维逻辑以达到目的语通顺流畅(符合“通顺”的标准)的目的。
所谓宏观设计,其范围当然是所翻译材料的独立整体,指全书,整篇文章,至少是整个段落。现举例说明,由于受篇幅的限制,仅选段落为例。
I、英译汉的例子
Americans have a warmth and friendliness which is less superficial than many foreigners think. They are considered sentimental. When on ceremonial occasions they see a flag, or attend parades celebrating America's glorious past, tears may come to their eyes. Reunions with family and friends tend to be emotional, too. They like to dress correctly, even if "correctly" means flamboyantly. They love to boast, though often with tongue in cheek. They can laugh at themselves and their country, and they can be very self-critical, while remaining always intensely patriotic. They have a wide knowledge of everyday things, and a keen interest in their particular city and state. Foreigners sometimes complain, however, that they have little interest in or knowledge of the outside world. (选自英语高级口译资格证书考试《翻译教程》)
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