a,旧观点--> 新观点;
如:“It was once believed that the brain was independent of metabolic processes occurring elsewhere in the body”--> “In recent studies, however, we have discovered that the production and release in brain neurons of the neuro- transmitter serotonin neurotransmitters are compounds that neurons use to transmit signals to other cells) depend directly on the food that the body processes.”文章一开始会提出一个从前的旧观点(once believed),接着提出一个最近的新观点(recent years), 而文章的第三部分一般会对新观点继续进行阐述。
b现象-->解释
“Historians of women"s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers” --> “To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity…….”。文章一开始会提出一个现象,然后对该现象进行解释(explain),最后对每个解释一一评述,并表明作者态度。
c,问题-->解决
“Archaeology as a profession faces two major problems” --> “I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds…..”文章往往在开始就提出一个问题(problem),然后提出一个或几个解决方案(suggestion) ,同样,最后作者对每个解决方案一一评价,并表明态度。