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17. Which one of the following can be properly inferred from Anson’s argument?

(A) Dr. Ladlow’s evidence that his theory generates consistently accurate predictions about how rates will perform in a maze is inaccurate

(B) Psychologists who can derive consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze from their theories cannot responsibly conclude that those theories cannot be disproved

(C) No matter how responsible psychologists are, they can never develop correct theoretical explanations.

(D) Responsible psychologists do not make predictions about how rats will perform in a maze

(E) Psychologists who accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect are responsible psychologists.

18. Anson bases his conclusion about Dr. Ladlow on which one of the following?

(A) An attack on Dr. Ladlow’s character

(B) The application of a general principle

(C) The use of an ambiguous term

(D) The discrediting of facts

(E) The rejection of a theoretical explanation

19. Smith: Meat in the diet is healthy, despite what some people say. After all, most doctors do eat meat, and who knows more about health than doctors do?

Which one of the following is a flaw in Smith’s reasoning?

(A) Attacking the opponents’ motives instead of their argument

(B) Generalizing on the basis of a sample consisting of a typical cases

(C) Assuming at the outset what the argument claims to establish through reasoning

(D) Appealing to authority, even when different authorities give conflicting advice about an issue

(E) Taking for granted that experts do not act counter to what, according to their expertise, in their best interest

20. The rise in the prosperity of England subsequent to 1840 can be attributed to the adoption of the policy of free trade, since economic conditions improved only when that policy had been implemented

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